Analysing both mainstream and underground computer-related press sources from 1982 to 1991, a discursive core is displayed revolving around contamination and sexually transmissible diseases. The 'computer virus' metaphor, popularized in that period, came to resonate with mounting moral panic over the HIV/AIDS epidemic. These anxieties about the body are then conceptualized (and historically contextualized) along two dimensions : 1) the political proximity between HIV/AIDS activists and computer hackers during the FDA clinical trials controversy of 1987-88 ; 2) the ideological reinforcement (...) provided by academic progressive elements to these political actions. (shrink)

This paper sheds light on the role of digital platform labour in the development of today’s artificial intelligence, predicated on data-intensive machine learning algorithms. Focus is on the specific ways in which outsourcing of data tasks to myriad ‘micro-workers’, recruited and managed through specialized platforms, powers virtual assistants, self-driving vehicles and connected objects. Using qualitative data from multiple sources, we show that micro-work performs a variety of functions, between three poles that we label, respectively, ‘artificial intelligence preparation’, ‘artificial intelligence verification’ (...) and ‘artificial intelligence impersonation’. Because of the wide scope of application of micro-work, it is a structural component of contemporary artificial intelligence production processes – not an ephemeral form of support that may vanish once the technology reaches maturity stage. Through the lens of micro-work, we prefigure the policy implications of a future in which data technologies do not replace human workforce but imply its marginalization and precariousness. (shrink)

Scientific research is growingly increasingly reliant on "microwork" or "crowdsourcing" provided by digital platforms to collect new data. Digital platforms connect clients and workers, charging a fee for an algorithmically managed workflow based on Terms of Service agreements. Although these platforms offer a way to make a living or complement other sources of income, microworkers lack fundamental labor rights and basic safe working conditions, especially in the Global South. We ask how researchers and research institutions address the ethical issues involved (...) in considering microworkers as "human participants." We argue that current scientific research fails to treat microworkers in the same way as in-person human participants, producing de facto a double morality: one applied to people with rights acknowledged by states and international bodies (e.g., the Helsinki Declaration), the other to guest workers of digital autocracies who have almost no rights at all. We illustrate our argument by drawing on 57 interviews conducted with microworkers in Spanish-speaking countries. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta um diagnóstico crítico da expansão universitária ocorrida no Brasil, entre os anos de 2010 e 2020, destacando a forte atuação de grupos empresariais privados. A partir de um corpus de fontes heterogêneas – tais como dados quantitativos do censo da educação superior divulgados pelo INEP (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira), análise de discursos jornalísticos, fontes jurídicas etc. – mostramos que essa expansão foi financiada por meio do investimento público que levou sobretudo à expansão (...) do ensino plataformizado à distância (EAD) que, por sua vez, gerou redução de postos formais de emprego, a heteromação do trabalho e sua consequente precarização (CASILLI, 2019). Adotamos a perspectiva de análise foucaultiana, realizando uma ontologia crítica do presente a fim de refletir sobre novas formas de resistências às políticas educacionais vigentes, que incluam a valorização dos profissionais de educação, geração de empregos formais assegurados direitos trabalhistas e a melhoria da qualidade do ensino superior no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Ética, Política, Educação, Ensino superior e Michel Foucault “No classrooms, no teachers”: neoliberal governmentality and the precarization of teaching work in brazilian higher education (2010- 2020) Abstract: This article presents a critical diagnosis of university expansion in Brazil, between the years 2010 and 2020, highlighting a strong performance of private groups. From a corpus of heterogeneous sources - such as studies of sources of studies and legal research from the higher education census released by INEP (Anísio Teixeira’s National Institute of Educational Studies), analysis of journalistic discourses, legal sources, etc. – we show that this expansion was financed through a public investment, which revealed above all things the expansion of a distance education platform (EAD) which, in turn, generated a reduction in formal job positions, the heteromation of work and its consequent precariousness (CASILLI, 2019). We adopted a Foucauldian perspective, carrying out an analysis of the philosophy of the present, intending to reflect new forms of resistance to current educational politics, which criticize the valorization of education professionals, creating formal jobs and ensuring labor rights and improving the quality of higher education in Brazil. Key-words: Ethics, Politics, Education, Higher Education and Michel Foucault “Sans salles de classe, sans enseignants”: la gouvernementalité néolibérale et la précarité du travail enseignant dans l'enseignement supérieur brésilien(2010- 2020) Résumé: Cet article présente un diagnostic critique de l'expansion universitaire qui a eu lieu au Brésil, entre 2010 et 2020, en soulignant la forte performance des groupes d'entreprises privées. À partir d'un corpus de sources hétérogènes - telles que les données quantitatives du recensement de l'enseignement supérieur publiées par l'INEP (Institut national d'études et de recherches pédagogiques Anísio Teixeira), l'analyse des discours journalistiques, les sources juridiques, etc. – nous montrons que cette expansion a été financée par l'investissement public, ce qui a surtout conduit à l'expansion de l'enseignement à distance sur plateforme (EAD) qui, à son tour, a généré une réduction des emplois formels, l'hétéromisation du travail et sa précarité conséquente (CASILLI, 2019). Nous adoptons la perspective de l'analyse foucaldienne, effectuant une ontologie critique du présent afin de réfléchir sur les nouvelles formes de résistance aux politiques éducatives actuelles, qui incluent la valorisation des professionnels de l'éducation, la création d'emplois formels, la garantie des droits du travail et l'amélioration de la la qualité de l'éducation est plus élevée au Brésil. Mots-clés: Ethique, politique, éducation, enseignement supérieur et Michel Foucault Data de registro: 17/02/2023 Data de aceite: 21/02/2024. (shrink)

The neutrosophic sets were known since 1999, and because of their wide applications and their great flexibility to solve the problems, we used these the concepts to define a new types of neutrosophic crisp closed sets and limit points in neutrosophic crisp topological space, namly [neutrosophic crisp Gem sets and neutrosophic crisp Turig points] respactvely, we stady their properties in details and join it with topological concepts. Finally we used [neutrosophic crisp Gem sets and neutrosophic crisp Turig points] to introduce (...) of topological concepts as: neutrosophic crisp closed (open) sets, neutrosophic crisp closure, neutrosophic crisp interior, neutrosophic crisp extrior and neutrosophic crisp boundary which are fundamental for further reserch on neutrosophic crisp topology and will setrengthen the foundations of theory of neutrosophic topological spaces. (shrink)

Open peer commentary on the article “Towards a PL-Metaphysics of Perception: In Search of the Metaphysical Roots of Constructivism” by Konrad Werner. Upshot: In his target article, Werner focuses his efforts on finding a metaphysical paradigm in which it would be suitable to embed - as he puts it - some movements in contemporary philosophy and cognitive science, and especially radical constructivism and the embodied cognition approach. In my commentary, I shall briefly discuss the question of metaphysical grounding or embedding (...) of radical constructivism, and make an attempt to show that the author has failed to explain what this grounding is supposed to be, and that radical constructivism has to remain characteristically an anti-metaphysical doctrine. Of course, I do appreciate the ingenious efforts to find the metaphysical grounding of radical constructivism, as far as the question of cognitive access to and the knowability of reality is concerned, but I would like to undermine the key tenet of the article that radical constructivism is in the pressing need of a metaphysics of some sort. (shrink)

Recensione critica, e analitica, del testo di A.Gehlen.

The level of medical care to patients and the success of the implementation of the national project "Health" depend on the health status and doctor's professionalism. Modern healthcare reform is being implemented by optimizing costs, merging medical organizations, closing ineffective hospitals, expanding the use of high-tech care and informatization of the doctor's activities. All this makes it necessary to assess the health of doctors. Scientists have studied the quality of life and identified the professional burnout of doctors in children's clinics (...) in different age groups. Primary care pediatricians have a higher quality of life score when compared to the standard [1]. However, all groups have a high level of professional burnout. The pre-retirement group of doctors has more unfavorable profile. They are highly professional specialists but may experience emotional discomfort because the pension system has been reformed. This situation requires the introduction of preventive work with doctors of this age as a group with great potential and capable of professional longevity. (shrink)

Filosofii︠a︡ svobody -- Istoki i smysl russkogo kommunizma.

In his recent work, Dretske offers a new account of what it is for a mental state, in particular, a sensory experience, to be conscious. According to Dretske’sproposal, subject S’s experience of object O is conscious if and only if it makes S aware of O. This proposal is argued to be open to only two serious interpretations. The first takes it to mean that S’s experience of O is conscious if and only if it constitutes S’s awareness of O, (...) whereas the second takes it to mean that S’s experience of O is conscious if and only if it causes S’s awareness of O. It is argued that neither is a plausible way to understand the nature of state consciousness, because the constitutive interpretation implausibly denies the existence of unconscious veridical experiences, whereas the causal interpretation implausibly casts S’s veridical experience of O, rather than O or a certain external event involving O, as the relevant cause of S’s awareness of O. (shrink)

Concept of Avidyā in the Vedānta philosophy of Śaṅkarācārya; a study.

Mr.Mitford has kindly provided me with a photograph and impression of a Cyprian text of uncertain provenance, which he assigns to the fifth or fourth century B.C. An account of the text has been published by Mr. Mitford in Minos, VI. i , 37–47. I print below my interpretation, which differs in some respects from his. The characters on the stone are for the most part clearly legible, and even where there is damage to the surface of the stone restoration (...) is practically certain. (shrink)

A 4-space formulation of Dirac's equation gives results formally identical to those of the usual Klein paradox. However, some extra physical detail can be inferred, and this suggests that the most extreme case involves pair production within the potential barrier.

Издание содержит: нравственность между эзотерикой и правом, геополитика нравственности, либерализованная Россия и либеральная эзотерика и др.

Aṣṭāvakragītā, Hindu philosophical work; retold.